The Effects Of Special Interest On Hispanic Students

These types of services might be of special interest to the LEALES members considering, that Latino students because of their racial and socio-economic background tend to come largely from under-resourced, understaffed, underperforming, and inadequately funded schools. (Saenz Ponjuan, 2009) This often means that the teachers at the schools were underprepared and had a high turnover rate. This might be one of the reasons that 41% of Latino students require remediation courses and only 13% of Hispanics met the ACT readiness benchmark for all 4 subjects: English, reading, math, and science. (National Conference of State Legislators, n.d.) Therefore, the tutoring services might be very beneficial to some LEALES members. Additionally, as first-generation college students LEALES members are also more likely to lack study and time management skill (Engle, Bermeo, O Brien, 2006), something which LARC could also help address. LEALES student staff: As briefly mentioned previously student staff recruitment would take place during the spring quarter prior to the commencement of the school year. Students would be recruited on the basis of their demographic characteristics (e.g. Latino, male, and first-generation college student). There would also be a GPA component, mentors should have a 3.0 or better and be actively involved on campus; that could be in the form of research programs, clubs, or student organizations. Students meeting these criteria would receive an email invitingShow MoreRelatedThe Equal Protection Clause From The Fourteenth Amendment1137 Words   |  5 Pagesreligion, national background). Specifically, in regards to Bakke v. 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Ballad Of The Landlord By James Mercer Langston Hughes

â€Å"Ballad Of The Landlord† is a free verse poem by James Mercer Langston Hughes. This poem depicts an encounter between a African-American tenant, living most likely in the ghetto of a major city, in the USA, and his landlord. The tenant informs the landlord of the maintenance problems in the house, which included a hole in the roof that leaks and broken steps. The landlord overlooks the tenants issues and lets him know that his ten dollar lease is expected. This reaction infuriates the tenant, so he decides not to pay his rent until the landlord fixes the maintenance problems of the house. Promptly, the landlord threatens the tenant to kick him out, turn off the heater, and toss all of his furniture into the road, if he he does not pay the rent. In anger, the tenant decides to punch the landlord in the lips to quiet him down. Because of the tenants action, the landlord calls the police. The media twists the incident and depicts the unfairly treated tenant and not the landl ord as the aggressor. The tenant is captured and thrown into jail for 90 days without bail. The poem’s theme is the unfair inequality between black tenants and white landlords. Through the use of hyperbole, rhetorical questions, and irony, Hughes sheds light on a current and crushing social problem. According to poets.org James Mercer Langston Hughes was born February 1, 1902, in Joplin, Missouri. His parents were divorce as a young child therefore, he was raised by his grandmother then his motherShow MoreRelatedLangston Hughes: A Jazz Poet1045 Words   |  5 Pages Langston Hughes (James Mercer Langston Hughes) was a poet, columnist, dramatist, essayist, lyricist, and novelist. He was one of the earliest innovators of the literary art form called jazz poetry. Hughes, like others, was active in the Harlem Renaissance, and he had a strong sense of racial pride. Through his poem, novels, short stories, plays, and kids books, he promoted equality, condemned racism, and injustice, and celebrated African American culture, and humor. (Illinois). Langston HughesRead MoreLangston Hughes Research Paper25309 Words   |  102 PagesIn 1919, when Langston Hughes was seventeen years old, he spent the summer with his father, Jim Hughes, in Toluca, Mexico. Langston had not seen his father since he was a small child, and he was excited about making the trip. However, during this visit, no affectionate bond would develop between Langston and Jim. Jim Hughes was a cold, difficult man, who was driven by ambition to make money and achieve respect. He had moved to Mexico to avoid segregation and racial injustice in the United States

Obligations A Changing Superfunds Magazine -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Obligations A Changing Superfunds Magazine? Answer: Introduction Auditors judgements relating to areas of financial report is considered with significant management judgement along with the development of the New Standard for Auditing and the significant role or purpose of Auditing standard as per ASA 701 involving Key Audit Matters in the Independent Auditors Report. Current research has decided the rationale of the audit standard to ensure consistent representation of the Australian equivalent ISA 701. The implementation and introduction of ASA 701 is illustrated as per the AUASBs obligation to confirm with the present enhancements based on the auditors report which in conformity with International Auditing and Assurance Standards. Some of the key issues needs to be facilitated by the implementation of the ASA 701 standards. The communication of the KAM is considered to be within the possibility of the auditors report based on the present and well listed entities. The new standards have aimed at assisting the auditors on deciding to include the KAM within the auditors report. The formation of the new standard involves the guidelines prescribed in Amcor Limited (Carson, Fargher and Zhang 2016). Areas of higher assessed risk of material misstatement and risk as per ASA 315 The main considerations of A31 under Auditing Standard ASA 315, includes involvement of the nature of revenue sources, markets including the risks of the electronic commerce, sales and marketing. Several other risk factors are considered as per joint ventures, alliances and outsourcing activities, industry segmentations and geographic dispersions. Based on the financial report analysis of Amcor Limited, the business faces significant risk relating to the cost and availability of the funds to meet the business needs, movement in the foreign exchange rate and interest rate (Sun et al. 2017). A large share of Amcors business report creates potential exposures in terms of the total incomes and net asset values based on the instability in the exchange rate of the Euro with US dollar. The risk factors associated to Mergers and acquisition (MA) risks, is viewed in terms of the failure to be controlled in the selection of effective integration which has focused on capturing value and the imp act it may have on the operations along with the consequences of the expected financial benefits (ODonnell, Hicks, Streeter and Shantapriyan 2015). The geographic risks are viewed as the country risks with the company operating across 40 countries. This is seen along with broad array of political, legal, regulatory and political systems which may be subject to rapid changes pertaining to civil unrest. The profitability of the company related to the operations and the ability to maintain and repatriate the funds to Amcor may affect adversely by the changes pertaining to the fiscal or regulatory regimes. The impact of this has been evident with the variations in the fiscal and controlling regimes, difficulties in interpreting and fulfilling with the local laws of those countries and setback of the administrative, judicial or political judgements (Carson, Fargher and Zhang 2016). As per the depictions made in Auditing Standard ASA 315 based on the Conditions and Events That May Indicate Risks of Material Misstatement includes the supply chain risk, volatility of markets. Based on the A13 under Auditing Standard ASA 315 the risk factors are associated to the matters related to the noncompliance and the applicable laws. Some of the other risk factors are taken into attention with the deficiency in the internal control over the financial reporting. The supply risk in Amcor is depicted with the disruption in the Amcors supply chain for interruption in accessibility of the key components and raw materials. This is further viewed in terms of adverse impact on the price of raw materials and failure in the technology which may have an effect on the price of the raw materials, customer relations, sales volume and resulting unexpected costs. The significant nature of the disruption of supply chain risk of Amcor is viewed with the availability of the key components and the raw material which is seen with the technology failure, sales volume, unexpected cost and customer relations (Harding, Azimm, Jidin and Muir 2016). The business interruptions and key site risk is considered to be operating in additional 190 locations globally. There may be several circumstances which may prevent the key sites from being operational. These includes natural disasters, fire incidents, industrial disruption. In case of such an incidence the financial performance of Amcor may be impacted negatively. Significant judgement of auditor relating to areas of financial report involving important management judgement Amcor seeks to avert the harshness of the impact of general market risk by considering deterioration in economic conditions in a particular region, market or country. The operating business is well-thought-out to be having a wide spread in the several geographic locations, customers servicing and raw materials input. The company has been further emergent and deploying the operating model which continually emphasizes on the proposition to the customers, thereby creating a high-performance culture, managing costs and improving efficiencies in the plant (Adolfsson et al. 2014). The proactive managing of the key risks across Amcor is managed by companys Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) program. In addition to this, the strategic development team at Amcor is able to work with businesses to identify suitable target for the alignment of the Amcors strategy. The implementation of the MA framework instils rigours in target selection, due diligence post-merger value capture. In support for outline, Amcor has developed incorporation toolkit which has shared best practice and contributed to the business with a specific methodology, post-merger integration execution and cultural risk. The supply chain risk management by the company is multi-faceted which comprises of ensuring the customer contracts to offer for timely and regular pass through of the activities in the input costs of the raw materials. The suppliers due assiduousness and risk management is seen with the implementation of multi-sourcing strategy as per the supply of the raw materials (Makosana et al. 20 16). Amcor is committed to continuously monitor the changes and propose changes in the regulatory regimes impacting the operations. Amcor is considered to employ local administration teams to focus on an in-depth considering of the local and functioning situation thereby having a strong customer relationship. The companys implementation of the compliance matters is globally reviewed for the country risks which are performed by business leaders through ERM program at Amcor. The various types of the operating model and the corporate code of conduct and ethics is able to offer agenda for all policies in the group (Stannard 2017). The managing of the compliance and control risk is implemented by group wide policies which are seen to be evident with sharing trading policy, competition compliance program which periodically communicated among the co-workers on a regular basis. Moreover, the consciousness of the policies and annual agreement training is compulsory for the co-workers. The global f unding for the fraud prevention policy is able to clearly outline the standards and principals considered to reduce the risk of fraud. The fraud prevention program is seen to be supported with a detailed examination procedure pertaining to global whistle-blower service policy (Wang and Fargher 2015). Despite of no significant material cyber-attack or confidential breaches the increasing sophistication and increasing nature of threat are based on the existing information security capability which is targeted with the appropriate improvement program. The product safety and the integrity are considered with safe packing company. Amcor is seen as a partner to the customers who may rely on The Amcor Way. The product safety is considered with the devoted product security and agreement personnel for the employment of process and controls. The constant focus and quality is seen with suppliers due diligence and risk valuation as per trained crisis management teams. Effect on the audit of significant transactions which took place during the period As per para 9 of ASA 701 the auditors decision-making procedure of the key audit matters is designated to select smaller matters from the auditors judgement about the matters with the significance of the finance report as per the current period. The concept of the significant auditor is taken with the attention of the recognition of the audit risk based on the focus as per the identification and depicted with material misstatement risk in the financial report. The particular account balance, class transactions and disclosures are based on the risks assessed with the material misstatements with appropriate assertion level (Ge, Simnett and Zhou 2016). In various cases significant judgements are involved in the performing and planning of the audit procedures. Based on the Matters that Required Significant Auditor Attention a more persuasive evidence with the higher assessment of the audit risk is taken. The obtaining of the persuasive audit evidence is considered to be more relevant or reliable evidence along with the emphasis in obtaining third party evidence (General 2015). As per para 9 of ASA 701 it is also inferred that the auditors may progress with the initial view at the planning stage on the matters which is likely to be in the areas pertaining to key audit matters. In addition to this, the auditors will be able to communicate the different types of information as per the ASA 260. Based on this standard the determination of the key audit matters needs to be based on the audit evidence throughout the audit report. As per the requirement of ASA 260 the auditors are required to communicate the significant risk identified by the auditor. This particular consideration is taken into account with the Paragraph A13 of ASA 260 which communicates the governance plans to address the significant areas of risk assessment (Newman, Alexander and Harris 2017). The audited statement of Amcor is seen to be accompanied with the financial report of Amcor Limited which consists of the declaration of financial position at 30 June 2016. The non-IFRS measures such as PBIT, PBITDA, PAT and AFE are not audited from the Amcors audited financial statements. The audit report of Amcor Limited has not considered any contraventions of the auditors with the independence requirements from Corporations Act 2001 based on the audit report (Imoniana and Gartner 2016). There have been no contraventions as per applicable code of professional conducted as per the audit report. The summarisation of the financial information of AMVIG is seen as per the listing requirements for Hong Kong Stock Exchange. This assessed with the determination of the financial information is seen to be taken into consideration as per the latest publicly available financial information. The audit report shows the groups share for the net assets is taken into account with the latest publicly available financial statement. The key management personnel compensation is detailed as per the audited remuneration section of the directors report (Huggins et al. 2015). The short-term benefits are seen to be $ 13737 in 2016 and $ 15421 in 2015. The long-term employee benefits, post-employment benefits, termination benefits and share based payments are considered as per the key management personnel compensation. Conclusion The learnings of the study have seen the areas of advanced assessed risk of considerable misstatement and risk as per ASA 315. This is considered with the involvement of the nature of revenue sources, markets including the risks of the electronic commerce, sales and marketing. Several other risk factors are considered as per joint ventures, alliances and outsourcing activities and industry segmentations and geographic dispersions. It is also discerned that as per A13 under Auditing Standard ASA 315 the risk factors are associated to the matters related to the noncompliance and the applicable laws. Some of the other risk factors are taken into consideration with the deficiency in the internal control over the financial reporting. The supply chain risk in Amcor is depicted with the disruption in the Amcors supply chain by the disruption with the accessibility of the key components and raw materials. It is also discerned that significant judgement of auditor relating to areas of financi al report involving important matters of judgement are taken into consideration with the proactive managing of the key risks across Amcor. This is managed by companys Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) program. In addition to this, the strategic development team at Amcor is able to work with businesses to identify suitable target for the alignment of the Amcors strategy. The execution of the MA framework instils rigours in target "selection, due diligence and post-merger value capture. References Adolfsson, E., Gustafsson, H., Lund, E., Carlsson, G.A., Olsson, S. and Tedgren, .C., 2014. A system for remote dosimetry audit of 3D-CRT, IMRT and VMAT based on lithium formate dosimetry.Radiotherapy and Oncology,113(2), pp.279-282. Carson, E., Fargher, N. and Zhang, Y., 2016. Trends in auditor reporting in Australia: A synthesis and opportunities for research.Australian Accounting Review,26(3), pp.226-242. Carson, E., Fargher, N. and Zhang, Y., 2017. Explaining auditors propensity to issue going?concern operations in Australia after the global financial crisis.Accounting Finance. Ge, Q., Simnett, R. and Zhou, S., 2016. Ethical and Quality Control Requirements When Undertaking Assurance Engagements. General, A., 2015. Hot Topics. Harding, N., Azim, M.I., Jidin, R. and Muir, J.P., 2016. A Consideration of Literature on Trust and Distrust as they Relate to Auditor Professional Scepticism.Australian Accounting Review,26(3), pp.243-254. Huggins, A., Simnett, R. and Hargovan, A., 2015. Integrated reporting and directors concerns about personal liability exposure: Law reform options.Company and Securities Law Journal,33, pp.176-195. Imoniana, J.O. and Gartner, I.R., 2016. Critical remark on multi-criteria approach to corporate auditing risk assessment-evidence from Brazil.International Journal of Auditing Technology,3(2), pp.128-149. Johnson, J. and Comensoli, K., 2017. Suds, steam and standardsDemystifying reprocessing auditing.Infection, Disease Health,22, p.S16. Langlois, P.L., Gil-Blanco, A.F., Jessop, D., Sansoucy, Y., DAragon, F., Albert, N. and Echave, P., 2017. Retroclavicular approach vs infraclavicular approach for plexic bloc anesthesia of the upper limb: study protocol randomized controlled trial. Trials, 18(1), p.346. Makosana, T., Mpachika, G., Sabola, F. and Napolo, E., 2016. Abstract PR475: Audit On the Standard of Recovery Care of Patients Following General Anaesthesia At Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital (Qech), Blantyre, Malawi.Anesthesia Analgesia,123(3S_Suppl), p.172. Newman, H., Alexander, S. and Harris, J., 2017. Standard precautions; Doing the right thing for everyone.Infection, Disease Healthcare,22, p.S16. ODonnell, K., Hicks, B., Streeter, J. and Shantapriyan, P., 2015. Getting it right: directors assessment of information.Managerial Auditing Journal,30(2), pp.117-131. Stannard, J., 2017. Fund reporting and disclosure: Obligations are ever-changing.Superfunds Magazine, (422), p.10. Sun, J., Kent, P., Qi, B. and Wang, J., 2017. Chief financial officer demographic characteristics and fraudulent financial reporting in China.Accounting Finance. Wang, I.Z. and Fargher, N., 2015. The effects of tone at the top and coordination with external auditors on internal auditors fraud risk assessments.Accounting Finance.

Julius Caesar - Analysis Of Brutus Essays - , Term Papers

Julius Caesar - Analysis of Brutus William Shakespeare's play, The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, is mainly based on the assassination of Julius Caesar. The character who was in charge of the assassination was, ironically, Marcus Brutus, a servant and close friend to Julius Caesar. But what would cause a person to kill a close friend? After examining Brutus' relationship to Caesar, his involvement in the conspiracy, and his importance to the plot, the truth can be revealed. Marcus Brutus, a servant and close friend to Caesar, has a strong relationship with Caesar but a stronger relationship with Rome and its people. Brutus is very close to Caesar. In Roman times, the only way for someone to get close to a person of high rank is if he/she is close to him/her. In many points of the play, Brutus was talking and next to Caesar. Brutus also loves Caesar but fears his power. In the early acts of the play, Brutus says to Cassius, "What means this shouting? I do fear the people do choose Caesar for their king...yet I love him well."(act 1, scene 2, ll.85-89), as he is speaking to Cassius. Brutus loves Caesar, but would not allow him to "climber-upward...He then unto the ladder turns his back..."(act 2, scene 1, ll.24,26). As the quote says, Brutus would not allow Caesar to rise to power and then turn his back onto the people of Rome. After the assassination of Julius Caesar, Brutus talks to Antony about Caesar's death. "Our hearts you see not; they are pitiful; and pity to the general wrong of Rome..."(act 3, scene 1, ll.185-186). Brutus says that Antony cannot see their(members of the conspiracy) hearts, which are full of pity. Again, this shows how Brutus loved Caesar but cared for the life of Rome and its people more. This is the only reason Brutus would conspire against Caesar. For Brutus says to himself, "I know no personal cause to spurn at him...How that might change his nature..."(act 2, scene1, ll. 1,13) Caesar's relationship with Brutus is also strong. Just allowing Brutus to speak to Caesar shows his respect for Brutus. Caesar feels that Brutus is noble to him and does the right thing regardless of personal danger. On the Ides of March, as Caesar was assassinated, Caesar's last line is: "Et tu, Brute?--Then fall, Caesar."(act 3, scene 1, l.85). This shows that Caesar would not die without Brutus' stab. Caesar realizes that there must be a noble reason for this assassination if Brutus was in it. This again shows how much Caesar respects Brutus. Brutus and Caesar both respect each other, but in different ways. Marcus Brutus had a very important role in the conspiracy against Caesar. He was the "back-bone" of the plan. According to Cassius, Brutus' main purpose in the conspiracy is for an insurance policy. The people will think, since Brutus is noble to Caesar, that there is a good reason for Caesar's assassination. Brutus will also be the leader of the conspiracy for another "insurance policy" for the assassination. Cassius is the one who declares this, "Brutus shall lead the way, and we will grace his heels with the most boldest and best hearts of Rome. "(act 3, scene 1, ll.135-136). Again, if Brutus leads the way, the people will think that the death of Julius Caesar wasn't such a bad thing. Brutus also declares to himself that his role in the conspiracy is to save Rome. He says to the people that, "If then that friend demand why Brutus rose against Caesar, this is my answer: not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more."(Act 3,scene 2,ll.21-24). If Brutus was not in the plot of The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, the conspiracy would probably not have worked. Since Brutus "...loved Rome more."(Act 3,scene2, ll.23-24), he decided to be a part of the conspiracy. If he hadn't loved Rome more than Caesar, he would not have joined in the assassination of Julius Caesar. Cassius and the rest of the conspirators would probably not have continued on without Brutus because they would have no "insurance" afterwards. The people would think that there was no reason for Caesar's death and most likely beheaded all the

Deserts, glaciers and climate

Financial Liberalization

Financial Liberalization Chapter 1Introduction1.1 Statement of the ProblemsThe topic of the project paper or report is to find out the impact of interest rate reforms or liberalization on financial development and thereby economic growth. The statement of the problems is to whether interest rate liberalization as originally prescribed by the McKinnon and Shaw hypotheses or can unambiguously lead to economic growth.1.2 Title of the ReportIt is necessary to select a topic in writing a report. A well-defined topic reflects what is going on to be discussed throughout the report. The topic "Impact of Interest Rate Reforms or Liberalization on Financial Development Economic Growth" selected by me is duly approved by the respective supervisor. The report has discussed how the interest rate liberalization enhances financial development and thereby causes economic growth.The Title of the report "Impact of Interest Rate Reforms or Liberalization on Financial Development Economic Growth" especially focuses on SAARC.E conomic Growth1.3 Origin of the StudyAs a partial requirement of B.B.A. program we are required to prepare internship report. This report has been prepared during the three month's Internship Program in Bank Asia Limited, Dhanmondi Branch. In the classroom we get the opportunity to know the theoretical part of the subject. But without practical orientation it is somewhat difficult to grasp the core concept. In the project paper I have collected data from World Bank (Data). Beside this I have also collected data from published literature, Central Bank of selected countries. The main variables are deposit interest rate, lending interest rate, inflation rate, gross national income, M2 over GDP and GDP growth rate. In this report, I have tried to find out the relationship between interest rate liberalization and financial development and thereby economic growth.1.4 Rationale of the StudyThis report is a...

Stress Topic Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Stress Topic Research Paper - Essay Example Other heightened risks of developing diseases of the endocrine system such as Type 2 Diabetes can be increased with moderate weight gain, but being obese quadruples an individual’s chances of becoming diabetic. Certain cancers, such as endometrial and colon cancer are also more prevalent in individuals that are obese as opposed to individuals that are found to be within the healthy range on the BMI scale. A non-medical outcome of obesity is a greater prevalence of diminished self-esteem and negative body image among obese individuals. This psycho-social consequence, while not directly relating to mortality, does indicate that individuals that are obese have less satisfying life socially and emotionally in many instances. It could be said that obesity is an individual problem, not one for society to worry about. The solution is simply for individuals to gains some self-control, to eat less and exercise more. Others would argue and say that obesity is a societal issue. Billions of dollars are spent on treating illnesses each year that are exacerbated by obesity. Millions of hours are lost in productivity to employers because of these illnesses. Add to this the tax money spent caring for low income obese individuals and the many lost opportunities for pleasure obese individuals pass up due to their condition, and you could say that the costs of obesity to individuals as well as society are staggering. Millions of dollars are spent each year by governmental and concerned organizations on health and nutrition education. The belief is that if we can educate individuals about correct nutrition and exercise, the obesity will lessen and we will have fewer illnesses concerned with this disorder. Despite these well intentioned efforts, obesity rates continue to rise, not only in America, but in other industrialized nations as well. Obviously something is missing from the equation that doctors believe causes

Earthquakes at Home Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Earthquakes at Home - Essay Example There are also some degrees of distribution in the mid-South region, but the principal areas of high risk, which show up red on the map, tend to be located in the equivalent of the states of California, Oregon, and Washington (Science, 2010). These areas also appear to extend into the nation of Mexico. #2 Where I live, in Erie, Pennsylvania, is gray on the map of earthquake risk, meaning it has a low risk (Science, 2010). It is not near any major fault lines, so it is relatively safe from earthquakes. There are occasionally small earthquakes around Erie, but they only extremely rarely get above 3 magnitude, cause any damage, or result in any injury or destruction. #3 The earthquakes around the world seem unevenly distributed according to the map of the last week’s earthquakes. The predominant amount of earthquakes have occurred in the Pacific Rim; many of these are in East Asia and Southeast Asia (Latest, 2010). This is not surprising to me, because these areas are known to have a high earthquake risk. I have heard a lot about very bad earthquakes happening in Japan and China. #5 I have visited some of the red areas on the map, including spots in California and Mexico. In California, the real estate where I was, is too expensive for me to consider living there. I also do not want to move to Mexico, because I don’t speak fluent Spanish. However, I would be willing to live in a red earthquake risk area, if I had enough income to do so in California or, if I learned Spanish and also had a better job and income, in Mexico. I would assume that especially in the US, architects would have earthquake proofed many buildings. I would be more hesitant in living in a red zone in some country with less advanced building standards. Generally, though, I am a risk taker as a person. I think that no one lives forever, and that none of us are

Accounting Information system Article Critique Essay

Accounting Information system Article Critique - Essay Example The main aim of this paper is to provide a critical review of the article â€Å"Accounting Information System Selection in Small Organizations: Incongruences between Accounting Professionals† by Glen L. Gray. This paper will provide a brief overview of the article following which the findings and limitations of the article will be discussed. The next section will deal with the importance of the article and the reasons for choice. The article by Gray, is one which focuses on small organisations and their need for accounting information systems. The article is of great importance to the field of study as it touches upon some essential aspects of the overall systems in the companies. It is essential to note here that the author has touched upon essential reasons that can sometimes cause the failures of the systems, i.e. the incongruences. This article is of immense importance for the field of study as it helps identify the possible issues and also clearly brings out the incongruences, which help the companies identify where the corrections can be made to improve the use of the systems. The article can prove to be a major contributor to the literature in the field and can assists readers to correctly and effectively understand the incongruences between people. It also acts as a clear literature to identify, â€Å"The existence of incongruences between different groups of accounting professionals participating i n this study (who have at least similar educational backgrounds) could indicate an even higher potential for incongruences between accounting professionals and clients (who have more dissimilar backgrounds)† (Gray, 1991). The article also helps in more informed decision making and will prove to assist the readers with better understanding of what parts of the accounting information systems is going wrong and to correct it accordingly. The article clearly pays a lot to the literature in the field and as a student this helps in identifying the areas

Benefits of Teaching Culture and Language

Benefits of Teaching Culture and Language Definition of culture Culture (from the Latin â€Å"cutura† stemming from colre meaning â€Å"to cultivate†) generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activities significance. â€Å"Farhang†, meaning culture, has always been the focal point of Iranian civilization. Values (the ideas about what in life seems important), norms (expectations of how people will behave in various situations), institutions (the structure of a society), and artifacts (things or aspects of material culture, which derive from values and norms) are four components of culture (Wikipedia, 2009). The culture of a people refers to all aspects of shared life in community. Children growing up in a social group learn ways of doing things, ways of expressing themselves, ways of looking at things, what things they should value and what things they should despise or avoid, what is expected of them and what they may expect of others. We can define culture from different points of view. But the most common definition of culture among several scholars is what Haddley (2003) have in his book â€Å"Teaching Language in Context†. She tries to classify aspects of culture into two groups. The first group is the best in human life. This is what is called Big-C culture. Literature, music, art, etc. fall into this category. The second group is everything in human life. This is called the small-c culture. This category includes the way people eat, dress, and behaves in their society. The importance of studying culture There are many benefits that people can obtain from studying culture. It is useful for understanding the people of other cultures and also one’s own culture (Kitao, 1991). It can also help us to be more tolerant (Saz as cited in De Gordon, 2007). Dominant thoughts in the societies during the history, the way people look at the world, living manners and different forms of socializing, enculturation and like that lead us to a better understanding and appreciation of economic affairs. According to various developments in the world we can say that although the content and form of culture may change, it never fade away. (Pahlavan, 2003). Culture has been studied under different sciences and fields of study and this can show the importance of culture by dealing with this phenomenon. Culture and language In this section we will come to a wider area and look at the culture with respect to the relation it may have to the concept of language. As usual in this section we will divide these relationships into different sections according to what different scholars believe. There are three kinds of relationship determined between culture and language. The structure of a language determines the way in which speakers of that language view the world. The culture of a people finds reflection in the language they employ. Cultural requirements certainly influence how a language used and perhaps determines why specific bits and pieces are the way they are. A neutral: there is little or no relationship between language and culture (Wardaugh, 1993) Culture and L2/FL Teaching and learning Although some teachers think that the present of culture in current writings is relative recent, a review of the L2/FL literature shows that this is clearly not the case. The early ages were the time people learned an L2/FL for the purpose of reading and studying its literature. Literature is categorized as the high culture or the best in human life (brook, 1975, as cited in Haddley 2003, p.361). The next stage of concerning with culture is the era of Audio-lingual. This is the era of communication goals in language teaching and the time the emphasis is on the â€Å"little c culture†. In 1970s, the communicative competence replaced the audio-lingual method. In this new paradigm a more natural integration of language and culture takes place through a communicative approach than a more grammatically base approach (Lessard-Clouston, 1997). Why teach culture In the previous section we saw that the relationship between language and culture is undeniable. Despite this certain fact we should think of the implication of this reality in a real situation. Therefore, we raise another question regarding the importance of teaching culture and why a teacher should teach culture in the classroom. In order to fully learn a foreign language, an individual needs to understand the culture that goes along with it. What follow are some of the reasons for teaching culture in the classroom. Giving the students a reason to study the target language. Help in teaching grammar: relating abstract sounds and forms of a language to real places and people. In achieving high motivation, culture classes does have a great role because learners like culturally based activities such as singing, dancing, role playing, doing research on countries and people, etc. It gives learners a liking for the native speakers of the target language. Culture studies have a humanizing and a motivating effect on the language learner and the learning process. They help learners observe similarities and differences among various cultural groups. Teaching culture (intercultural learning) Many people have shown their own contribution to the issue of relation between culture and L2/FL learning as well as the role of culture in learning/teaching a language in the classroom. Almost every book in the area of language learning has a chapter in teaching culture. Chastain (1987) maintains that language is used to convey meaning, but meaning is determined by culture. One of the major hurdles to the successful implementation of culture goals in language classes revolves around attitudes. Brown (2000) also has some points in this area: It is apparent that culture as an integrated set of behaviors and modes of perception, becomes highly important in the learning of an L2. The two are intricately interwoven so that one cannot separate the two without losing the significance of either language or culture. Dimitrios Thanasoulas (2001) says that the teaching of culture should become an integral part of foreign language instruction. Culture should be our message to students and language our medium. Teachers should present students with a true picture or representation of another culture and language. Baker (2003) believes that culture has become an increasingly integrated component of English language teaching in recent years. He argues that the root of integrating culture in language learning processes come from the theory of communicative competence delivered by Hymes (1972, as cited in Haddley, 2000, pp.3-5). In this theory communicative competence involves an understanding of the norms of social interaction of one socio-cultural community. This concept of communicative competence is called intercultural communicative competence. Central to the notion of intercultural communicative competence is cultural awareness. Culture and language teaching methods From the early stages of teaching language a lot of methods have been discovered by methodologists and researchers with different points of view towards second language teaching and learning. I’ll investigate several methodologies and their approach to culture and its relationship with language teaching and learning. Grammar-translation method: a fundamental purpose of learning a foreign language is to be able to read its literature. Direct method: culture consists of more than the fine arts (students study cultural values). Audio-lingual method: culture consists of the everyday behavior and lifestyle of the target language speakers. Language cannot be separated from culture. Silent Way method: they believe that culture, as reflected in students unique world view, is inseparable from their language. Suggestopedia: it says that the culture which students learn concerns the everyday life of people who speak the language. The use of fine arts (music, art and drama) enables suggestions to reach the subconscious. Community language learning: it believes in integrating the culture with language. Total Physical Response: says that culture is the life style of people who speak the target language natively. In Communicative Language Teaching: culture is the life style of people who use the language natively. The cultural-communicative learning paradigm: â€Å"learning a language is learning a culture. Intercultural competence Intercultural competence is an enormously popular concept nowadays, its content being discussed in a great variety of contexts. It is not possible to arrive at one particular definition of the concept it is always contextually determined, colored by the latest discourses on competence, culture, communication, language, etc (Risager, 2000). Looking for a comprehensive definition of this phrase, we encounter a lot of different ideas and various definitions. By Alvino E. Fantini (1997) a basic definition of intercultural competence includes: The fundamental acceptance of people who are different to oneself outside one’s own culture. The ability to interact with them in a genuinely constructive manner which is free of negative attitude (e.g. prejudice, defensiveness, apathy, aggression etc.) The ability to create a synthesis, something which is neither â€Å"mine† nor â€Å"yours†, but which is new and would not have been possible had we not combined our different background and approaches (www.kwintessential.co.uk, 2009). Penn State (2009) has also â€Å"A simple definition†: â€Å"the abilities to perform effectively and appropriately with members of another language-culture background on their terms. And finally, In essence intercultural competence can be summed up as the ability to work well across cultures. Culture in Foreign Language Curriculum A major goal of foreign language instruction is to increase students’ literacy in languages other than their own, thereby also increasing literacy in that culture. The concept of literacy encompasses the students ability to read with understanding, to write with clarity and accuracy, to understand what is heard, and to speak comprehensibly with accurate grammar and pronunciation. To communicate successfully in another language, students develop facility, with the language, familiarity with the culture that use the language, and awareness of the ways in which language and culture interact in society. Reaching this point is central to developing literacy in any language. Two aspects of culture appropriate to be included in the foreign language curriculum are: first, the society’s production of art, music, and literature, and second, the social conventions of that society’s members. Culture in the classroom Now it is the time to come to the classroom and investigate culture related to the requirements of the class: Foreign Language Teachers and Foreign Language Learners. Culture and language teachers Traditionally, language teachers have listed culture as one of the five principal objectives of second language study. Attaching the same value to culture as to each of the four language skills is no surprise because of its importance in the development of global awareness and international understanding, in being able to function in the second language society, and in stimulating and maintaining students’ interests and motivation. The primary goal and dominant focus of attention in most classes continues to be language, to the detriment of achieving desirable cultural objectives. As conclusion to this, the teacher ought to be able to describe and assess his or her own intercultural competence. A foreign language teacher should be able to: Understand the contributions and lifestyles of the various cultural groups Recognize and deal with dehumanizing biases, discrimination, and prejudices Create learning environments that contribute to the self-esteem of all persons and all positive interpersonal relations Respect human diversity and personal rights (Lafayette, 1979, p. 132). Some authors do recommend placing the greater emphasis on culture. What these authors are advocating is an organized, systematic presentation of the major characteristics of the second language culture that will lead students to an understanding and an appreciation of the culture. In many regards, culture is taught implicitly, imbedded in the linguistic forms that students are learning. To make students aware of the cultural features reflected in the language, teachers can make those cultural features an explicit topic of discussion in relation to the linguistic forms being studied. It is important for a language teacher as an influential figure in the class to be interculturally aware and responsive. Teachers should be aware of and sensitive to the cultural differences (Valdes, 1986), and its influences on students’ growth and learning. They should also be aware of their own cultural values and beliefs (Wang, 2006). Culture and language learners One of the principal reasons for stressing culture in language classes has to do with the students. They are extremely interested in the people who speak the language they are studying (Chastain, 1987). A program which seeks to develop systematic progress in cultural understanding side by side with growing mastery of the language will ensure that the language learners are able to communicate with the speakers of the language in the fullest sense of the word. Intercultural contact is both a means and an end in second language studies. It is impossible to identify the specific ethnic and cultural groups that represent native speakers of the language. As a result, in order to investigate the role of the intercultural contact in foreign language learning environments, we first need to explore what kind of contact students of foreign languages have with home and how frequently, what attitudes they display and how they see the role of contact in language learning. It appears that favorable contact leads to the discovery of cultural similarity and of our common humanity. Then, contact will improve attitudes (Piage R. M., et al., 1998).

Essay --

Pain is one of the most powerful human motivators. People will say anything to make it stop because it hurts. And when used specifically to derive information our federal government can make it hurt a lot. No one should ever have to be put through the type of pain that is specifically engineered to hit your pain threshold, engineered to cause you to fear your interrogator, engineered to make you talk. The practice of enhanced interrogation should not be used under any circumstances because it is illegal under international law, it’s not always effective, and it’s inhumane. What is enhanced interrogation? In simple terms it’s when an interrogator uses techniques that are specifically designed to cause you a.) either so much pain that you break down and tell the interrogator what they want to know or b.) you fear pain and your interrogator so much that you readily give them the information that they seek. So, what techniques does the American government use to derive information from it’s prisoners? Some techniques that they have used are sexual humiliation, sleep deprivation, sensory deprivation, sensory overload, solitary confinement, mock execution, medical experimentation, learned helplessness, intimidation by dogs, confinement in a box with insects, and waterboarding. â€Å"The United Nations Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhumane, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment’s stance on torture is ‘No exceptional circumstances whatsoever, whether a state of war or a threat of war or an emergency may be invoked as j ustification for torture [or enhanced interrogations], which inflict pain and suffering and most UN scholars consider to qualify as torture under international law.† (Dinan) However under international law it is ... ... they will never be normal again.(Stephens) This is a list of just a few of the techniques and their described effects that our own government and foreign governments use. The effects are cruel and long-lasting and they stick with you for a long time, not to mention the immediate effects of fear and pain from thing such as being waterboarded. It’s cruel and inhumane and illegal. All in all enhanced interrogation doesn’t get you anymore and it’s just plain cruel. There are many better alternatives to torturing the information out of someone. The more peaceful route should always be taken. If we don’t want our own citizens undergoing the same stuff that we put the citizens of foreign countries through than we should never ever do that to them. It goes back to the most basic rule of all time. The Golden Rule â€Å"Do unto others what you would have them do unto you†

E-Commerce and Marketing Strategies

As the Magic Kids USA tagline says, â€Å"Stop paying too much on Kids wear,† the online store aims to attract its consumers by the moderately priced products that they offer that starts at the lowest price of $2.65. Apart from the clothes that Magic Kids USA offers, they also offer shoes and footwear for children. They also have branded products, mostly from popular cartoon television shows and comics characters. The aesthetic value of the website resembles the typical online business store. Upon opening the website, you would know you are visiting an online shop and the only thing that you are going to do is browse through their products and decide whether to purchase their products or not. As most online stores offer, Magic Kids USA designed their website so clients may easily navigate through the web pages and browse through their selections of clothing and footwear. Magic Kids USA aims to target all classes of society as their client base, this is because they offer the lowest up to the highest prices, and also provide branded merchandise and popular character based products. Their branded products also range from the popular and expensive ones to the moderately priced branded products. Moreover, they have gift certificates to earn discount rates for consumers to spend less, thus, causing them to continue spending more. Anna Bean Children’s Clothing ::  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.annabean.com/ The Anna Bean Children’s Clothing online store offers an extensive selection of children’s clothes for boys and girls, diaper bags, gift collections and ideas, room decorations, and so much more. As far as uniqueness is concerned, the products that Anna Bean offers are the same selections in other online stores for children such as Web Clothes and Bunny Creek. The service that only Anna Bean offers among the three online stores is the Gift Services and Gift Registry. These services offer an option for gift wrapping with additional payment and an opportunity for people to sign up for an Anna Bean account and sell unwanted and duplicated gifts online for other online clients to purchase. They also have a corporate account wherein people can call and consult them for gift selections and alternatives. The Gift Services, Gift Registry, and corporate accounts services of Anna Bean expands their client base because of the added and relevant service that they provide. The aesthetic value of the website was intended to present a young and artistic feel that suits the personality of children. The color for the background was attractive and the logo and other icons were attractive shapes and colors for children. Navigating through the website was easy because their items were categorized and labeled accordingly, therefore, it was easy to browse through their products and select items to be purchased. Anna Bean utilizes a creative way of marketing their products. They have put together the magazine covers on which they had the opportunity to advertise their products. The magazines were popular for expectant moms, parents, working mothers, and fashion magazines for children. They also offer overnight shipping, which is a good strategy, especially to attract clients who do not want to wait. Bunny Creek ::  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.bunnycreek.com/ The outline of Bunny Creek’s website is similar to that of Anna Beans’. They have the same selection of clothing, however the categories were more specific, such as selections by brands, size, season, new arrivals, etc. This means that they have a larger selection of products to offer online. They also cater to the lower class client base because they have â€Å"The $2, $5, $10 Sale.† They also have electronic discount coupons and gift certificates for those who want to cut costs of the products that they are going to purchase. Their products range from the most to the least expensive, allowing them to earn a larger client base that caters to the upper, middle, and lower classes of society. For some of the gift items that they provide, they offer personalization of the products, however, taking more time than the usual duration of delivery. Moreover, Bunny Creek offers substantial information on how to purchase and pay for an order, a list of shipping fees, handling rates and conditions, the delivery time, etc. The online store was more informative and revealed important details for the clients. The physical make-up of Bunny Creek is not as attractive as Anna Bean, for example. The colors were boring, thus, failing to attract online clients who happen to browse through the website. Web sites should offer interactive and creative websites in order to attract consumers to navigate through the web pages and gain potential purchasers. Navigating through the website was easy because their products were neatly categorized and it was easy to select products because numerous products were displayed at once. Advertising and marketing for Bunny Creek is not effective because of its failure to give off a child-friendly or child-oriented image, just by looking at the design of the web page. Clients usually go for online stores, which exert effort in beautifying their web page and offering many services for their clients.

The Bosman case and its influences on the competitive balance in the European football market Essays

The Bosman case and its influences on the competitive balance in the European football market Essays The Bosman case and its influences on the competitive balance in the European football market Essay The Bosman case and its influences on the competitive balance in the European football market Essay The Bosman case and its influences on the competitive balance in the European football market Introduction Jean-Marc Bosman was a football player in the first division in Belgium and wanted to play for the French team Dunkerque after his contract expired in 1990. The transfer did not succeed because Dunkerques transfer fee was not high enough so his club RFC Li? ©ge refused and Bosman had to wait for a higher offer. Subsequently Bosman sued against the FIFA rules and ought to be proved right. The following pages outlines the consequences of the Judgment of the so called Bosman ruling on he transfer system and on the competitive balance of the European football market. The Judgment An indicator that shows the dimension of the Bosman case is the official title it-self: Union Royale Belge des Soci? ©t? ©s de Football Association ASBL v. Jean-Marc Bosman, Royal club Li? ©geois SA v. Jean-Marc Bosman and others and Union des Associations Europ? ©ennes de Football (UEFA) v. Jean-Marc Bosman (Case C-41 5/93. European The case took place at the European Court of Court reports 1995, page 1-4921). Justice (ECJ) in Luxemburg and was about two different issues. The first one Bosmans omplaint addressed two separate issues, one of them concerns the existing transfer regulation, whereby a professional football player is not allowed to transfer for free at the end of the contract. The other subject is the so called 3+2 rule of the European Football Federation (UEFA) which limits the number of foreign players on the field. Five foreign players in play are the maximum in a competitive match upon condition that two of them having played for at least five years in the clubs country (R. Parrish, (2003), Sports law and policy in the European Union, p. 226). Bosman s rgumentation based on the article 48 (Treaties of Rome) which deals amongst others with the free movement of workers in an international labour market and guarantees the equal treatment of workers of the member states regardless their nationality (Rom Treaties, 1957). The legal process lasted five long years, in the end the counter-arguments of the opposition the exceptional position of sport as a cultural goods failed despite the big lobby of sport associations. One basis of decision- making was the landmark case of Walrave in 1974 in which is stated that sport falls nder the scope of application of Community law (Article 2 EEC), therefore the and with this is applicable to the Article 48 (ECC). This Judicature ensured the free movement of workers within the European Union and the abolition of any discrimination based on nationality between workers of the Member States (R. arnsh, (2003), p. 226). Influences on the competitive balance within the European leagues The legal victory at the EC] ought to have a lasting effect on the competitive balance between national European leagues. The open labour market resulted in a shift of ower from the smaller markets for example Netherlands and Scotland to the bigger ones namely England, Spain, Germany, F rance and Italy also known as the big 5. Former important historical teams such as Ajax Amsterdam were not able to keep up with big 5 teams and had to face upcoming teams from Russia and Ukraine in European competitions as well (DeJonghe Van Obstal, 2000). This competitive disadvantage of smaller market teams is correlated to freedom of movement within the member states and the abolition of the limitation of the number of foreign players. The balance of power shifted from the clubs to the players, who could choose the clubs with the highest wages and resulted in a substantial player emigration from smaller to bigger markets. Ever since then, it is an increasing competition to attract the best player talents (DeJonghe Van Obstal, 2000, p. 43). A study published in the Annual Review of the European Players Labour Market tried to measure the creasing concentration of player talent in the big 5 markets. Therefore, the study compared the US World Cup 1994 which took place before the Bosman case and the World Cup in Germany 2006. The comparison of the eleven ountries who participated in both competitions highlighted the dominating position of the big 5 leagues. In 1994, 43 % of the players made their money in the big 5, compared to 50% in 2006. In order to measure the migration of playing talent, the study left out players who worked in their own country, in this regard the fgures increased from 18,2 % in 1994 to 25,3 % in 2006. In contrast to this, the coefficient for the smaller market leagues state the same with a menial decrease from 3,7 % to 3,6 % (DeJonghe Van Obstal, 2000). To underline the decreasing competitive balance between the European football eagues, the percentage of international players in the top five clubs of each league in the big 5 was 64,6 %, while the respectively league average was well below (DeJonghe Van Obstal, 2000). Another interesting indicator for this are the last 17 final results of the Champions League, Ajax Amsterdam won it in the year of the Bosman Judgment and the FC Porto from Portugal in the year 2004. All 15 other possible Champions League goblets went to teams out of the big 5. One approach of sports economists was to combine the European professional football with some characteristics of the US sports model revenue sharing, salary cap, etc. ) to counteract the concentration on the bigger markets. The problem was that this kind of cross-subsidization would be difficult to implement in the structures of European football (DeJonghe Van Obstal, 2000, p. Conclusion The Bosman case is a landmark in the European football history, it created an open labour market with the result of talent concentration on the bigger markets. The World Cup studies as well as the performances of teams in the European Champions League in the last 16 years underline a decline in competitive balance between the European leagues. In my opinion the financial fair play concept of the UEFA is a good approach to antagonize the power concentration on the bigger markets. The idea of the system is to regulate the balance between the financial earning and spending plus the amount of indebtedness of a club. If there is any control deviation the UEFA has the possibility to exclude this club from international competitions. Just one question remains if the UEFA will take decisive action against clubs who trespass against the rules of the game!? References Case C-41 5/93. European Court reports 1995, page 1-4921 R. Parrish, (2003), Sports law and policy in the European Union, Rom Treaties (art. 2 + art. 48) T. DeJonghe, (2000), Rivista di Dritto ed Economica dello Sport Article 48 1 . The free movement of workers shall be ensured within the Community not later than at the date of the expiry of the transitional period. 2. This shall involve the abolition of any discrimination based on nationality between workers of the Member States, as regards employment, remuneration and other working conditions. 3. It shall include the right, subject to limitations Justified by reasons of public order, ublic safety and public health: (a) to accept offers of employment actually made; (b) to move about freely for this purpose within the territory of Member States; (c) to stay in any Member State in order to carry on an employment in conformity with the legislative and administrative provisions governing the employment of the workers of that State; and (d) to live, on conditions which shall be the subject of implementing regulations to be laid down by the Commission, in the territory of a Member State after having been employed there. iministration.

Free Essays on Drowning Girl, Roy Lichtenstein

DROWNING GIRL DATE PAINTED: 1963 MEDIUM: Oil on Canvas PRESENTLOCATION: The Museum of Modern Art, New York SIZE: 171.8 x 169.5 Drowning Girl (1963) is an example of Lichtensteins comic style which began in the early 1960’s. Drowning Girl is a large picture of a girls head surrounded by a tumultuous wave with the caption reading â€Å"I don’t care! I’d rather sink than call Brad for help!â€Å" The first thing to notice about this work is its incredible size. The girls head is monumentally large - the entire painting is about as high as a tall woman. The piece is oversized and striking. Roy Lichtenstein’s comics are what made him famous and all his well known paintings are in this style. The source of his images are obviously from comic books but some of the elements of his compositions come from advertising. Both the form and content of the commercial comic trivialises and generalises emotions, actions, people and objects so as to make them conform to popular opinion. Lichtensteins comics simplified life and reduced its complexities into an assemblage of emotional cues. The viewer accepts this abbreviated language system because it is part of the every day world of media culture.# Lichtensteins comic style works are transparent, simple and easy to interpret. Lichtenstein used this visual language in his adaptation of comic images. The viewer can interpret Lichtensteins comics for themselves and the opinion of the author is concealed. Lichtensteins pictorial vocabulary, typography and the arrangement of his texts are from advertising. Lichtenstein used source material which everyone knew. Because his style is taken from culture - advertising and comics - things everyday people knew - it was widely understood and transparent in what it is trying to say. So in turn his style wasn’t created but rather taken from processes already familiar to people living in the modern communications system and put into new... Free Essays on Drowning Girl, Roy Lichtenstein Free Essays on Drowning Girl, Roy Lichtenstein DROWNING GIRL DATE PAINTED: 1963 MEDIUM: Oil on Canvas PRESENTLOCATION: The Museum of Modern Art, New York SIZE: 171.8 x 169.5 Drowning Girl (1963) is an example of Lichtensteins comic style which began in the early 1960’s. Drowning Girl is a large picture of a girls head surrounded by a tumultuous wave with the caption reading â€Å"I don’t care! I’d rather sink than call Brad for help!â€Å" The first thing to notice about this work is its incredible size. The girls head is monumentally large - the entire painting is about as high as a tall woman. The piece is oversized and striking. Roy Lichtenstein’s comics are what made him famous and all his well known paintings are in this style. The source of his images are obviously from comic books but some of the elements of his compositions come from advertising. Both the form and content of the commercial comic trivialises and generalises emotions, actions, people and objects so as to make them conform to popular opinion. Lichtensteins comics simplified life and reduced its complexities into an assemblage of emotional cues. The viewer accepts this abbreviated language system because it is part of the every day world of media culture.# Lichtensteins comic style works are transparent, simple and easy to interpret. Lichtenstein used this visual language in his adaptation of comic images. The viewer can interpret Lichtensteins comics for themselves and the opinion of the author is concealed. Lichtensteins pictorial vocabulary, typography and the arrangement of his texts are from advertising. Lichtenstein used source material which everyone knew. Because his style is taken from culture - advertising and comics - things everyday people knew - it was widely understood and transparent in what it is trying to say. So in turn his style wasn’t created but rather taken from processes already familiar to people living in the modern communications system and put into new...

Alzheimer's Disease Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Alzheimer's Disease - Research Paper Example Alzheimer is mostly seen in individuals who are above the age of forty five and it principally develops into dementia in its latter stages. It is characterized by loss of cognitive abilities which occurs due to the loss of normal brain functions. In the latter stages of Alzheimer Disease the sufferer becomes totally disoriented and shows memory loss such that he is not able to recognize his very close family members. (Evans et al, 1989; Gao et al, 1999). The primary feature of Alzheimer Disease is the atrophy of the cortex. But in some cases it is seen that neuritic processes may accumulate, abnormalities in cerebral nucleus may occur or amyloid angiopathy may be seen. It is seen that Alzhemier Disease does not show any symptoms early at age but after a person reaches 50 the symptoms become obvious. As an individual ages the chances of the disease increase even more often reaching to a level of 40% in individuals who are in their eighties ((Evans et al, 1989; Gao et al, 1999; Strauss et al 1999 ). Studies on the disease have shown that cortical atrophy is the major cause of the disease. The cerebral sulci become more prominent in the temporal, frontal and parietal lobes. To cover up for this atrophy usually the ventricle in the brain enlarges. Microscopic studies have shown that neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles accumulate along with amyloid angiopathy. Neuritic plaques are spherical neuritic processes which surround the central amyloid core in Alzheimer. Neurofibrillary tangles are a group of filaments which are found in the cytoplasm of the neurons that usually surround the nucleus. Amyloid angiopathy is a sign of Alzhemier Disease bu t it can also be found in other diseases. It is believed that Alzheimer later progresses to dementia in individuals because of loss of choline accetyltransferase, synaptophysin immunoreactivity and loss of synaptic transmission. It is believed that Alzheimer is primarily caused by a protein known as AÃŽ ². AÃŽ ² is

Legal Services Bill 2006 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Legal Services Bill 2006 - Essay Example In Great Britain, as far back as July 2003, Sir David Clementi was appointed to carry out an independent review of the regulatory framework for legal services in England and Wales. In December 2004, Sir David published a Report following his Review. The report was analysed by a number of luminaries, including Rob Baldwin, Julia Black, Martin Cave, Richard Brealey, Julian R Franks, Paul A. Grout, James Dow and Carlos Lapuerto, Jordi Blanes Vidal, Ian Jewitt, Clare Leaver and Stephen Davies.1 The bill as it will be observed, addresses three basic objectives, the primary being controlling of the legal profession. In the draft, and in the ultimate submissions of the bill, great care has been taken to ensure that the legal profession continues to be fearless and is allowed to retain its independence, and the faith of the customer, enshrined in the principle of 'Privilege' is also kept. In the draft, we see the emphasis on this.5 Therefore the CONTROLS envisaged is more to regulate the functioning and not to hamper with the independence of the legal practitioner. It addresses the concerns of unbridled misuse of legal protection and extraordinary abilities and privileges accorded to them. Giving the genuine practitioner a right and privilege to practice, removing the scrounge of unauthorized practitioners, and regulation of commercial companies, which can now be formed in the practice of law, is the chief laudable objective, with a separate body, which will oversee the functioning of all bar councils and associations has now sought to bring some order and create a more efficient legal system. Important Factor The most important impact will be on removing 'Village Barristers'. Those quacks who profess knowledge of law, and act as touts between the lawyer and the client. This bill gives definitions of a legal practitioner, and does away with those not qualified to practice law altogether from the judicial field. It is ironic that Great Britain had to take this long to bring in this legislation to stream line the legal profession, while elsewhere as in India for example, the Advocates Act did away with practitioners other than trained lawyers in one stroke, as far

Accounting for Leaders- Kitchen Utensils Limited Essay

Accounting for Leaders- Kitchen Utensils Limited - Essay Example Kitchen Utensils LTD faces a number of problems. First, the company is unable to recruit and maintain educated and quality employees. The business has also failed to develop a desirable working environment to develop right skill set (Catanach & Feldmann, 54). This is so because the sales staff that the company has in hand lacks basic accounting skills. Secondly, there is a lack of proper training programs for the employees (Harvard Business School, 98). The management only trains their employees when the need arise. From the case, it is evident that the management is reactive rather than being proactive. The seminar has only been organized as a result of declining sales volume. Thirdly, there is a lack of proper communication of objective (Brocke & Rosemann, 129). The management has failed to formulate a common goal for the different departments. The three-day conference is only organized when Paul discovered that the sales personnel cannot translate sales into profit. They are, therefore, not able to determine accounting profit. Another problem that the company faces is a lack of agreement. Instead of coming to a common conclusion, the lecture only caused consternation among the sales personnel. The sales personnel, in fact, felt frustrated after the lecture. The following strategies should be adopted by the company to address the above challenges. The company needs to provide their employees with a workplace where they feel supported and valued in order to attract decent candidates (Vandenbosch, 48). The management should develop an effective employee selection method in order to be able to find talented individuals with the necessary set of skills for the business. This will not only increase the performance of the company but will also reduce the training costs. Employee selection tools such as structured interviews, General Mental Ability and Situational Judgment Tests have been

Utilitarianism Aspects Of Theory Essay Example for Free

Utilitarianism Aspects Of Theory Essay Utilitarianism: Bentham – Hedonic Calculus BENTHAM WAS A HEDONIST – HE BELIEVED THAT PLEASURE IS GOOD IN ITSELF, AND OTHER THINGS ARE GOOD IN SO FAR AS THEY BRING ABOUT PLEASURE AND THE ABSENCE OF PAIN. â€Å"NATURE HAS PLACED MANKIND UNDER THE GOVERNANCE OF TWO SOVEREIGN MASTERS, PAIN AND PLEASURE. † YOU COULD WORK OUT WHICH ACTION TO PERFORM BY CALCULATING WHICH OPTION BROUGHT ABOUT THE GREATEST AMOUNT OF PLEASURE: Duration – how long does the pleasure last? Remoteness – how distant is the pleasure? Purity – how free from pain is it? Richness – will it lead to other pleasures? Intensity – how powerful is the pleasure Certainty – how likely is it that pleasure will result? EXTENT – HOW MANY PEOPLE WILL EXPERIENCE PLEASURE? Utilitarianism: Principle of Utility THE RIGHT COURSE OF ACTION IS THE ONE THAT BRINGS ABOUT THE GREATEST GOOD FOR THE GREATEST NUMBER. THIS IS THE PRINCIPLE OF UTILITY, ON WHICH ALL FORMS OF UTILITARIANISM are based. Utility means usefulness, â€Å"that property in ANY OBJECT, WHEREBY IT TENDS TO PRODUCE BENEFIT, ADVANTAGE, PLEASURE, GOOD, OR HAPPINESS. † BENTHAM was clear that every person’s pleasure had equal VALUE: EACH TO COUNT FOR ONE, AND NONE FOR MORE THAN ONE. UTILITARIANS DIFFER IN WHAT THEY CONSIDER INTRINSICALLY VALUABLE OR GOOD (PLEASURE, HAPPINESS, FULFILLMENT OF PREFERENCES), BUT AGREE THAT WE OUGHT TO BRING ABOUT AS MUCH GOOD AS POSSIBLE. Utilitarianism: Act Utilitarianism BENTHAM IS GENERALLY CONSIDERED TO HAVE BEEN AN ACT UTILITARIAN – HE WOULD JUDGE EACH SITUATION DIFFERENTLY, DOING THAT ACTION THAT LED TO THE GREATEST GOOD. ACT UTILITARIANISM IS CONSIDERED ONE OF THE PUREST FORMS OF UTILITARIANISM, AS IT ALLOWS THE INDIVIDUAL COMPLETE FREEDOM TO CHOOSE WHATEVER LEADS TO THE GREATER good. Bentham did talk about a ‘rule of thumb’, saying WE COULD BE GUIDED BY SIMILAR CASES IN THE PAST RATHER THAN DOING A COMPLETE CALCULATION IN EVERY NEW SITUATION. HOWEVER, THIS WAS JUST TO HELP, AND IF THE CURRENT SITUATION REQUIRES A DIFFERENT RESOLUTION, YOU SHOULD BE FREE TO ACT IN WHATEVER WAY BRINGS ABOUT THE GREATER GOOD. Utilitarianism: Rule Utilitarianism RULE UTILITARIANS RECOGNISE THAT WE NEED RULES TO LIVE BY. PUT ANOTHER WAY, A SOCIETY WITHOUT RULES WOULD NOT BE AS HAPPY AS ONE WITH RULES. AS SUCH, A RULE UTILITARIAN WILL CHOOSE RULES THAT TEND TO LEAD TO THE GREATER GOOD. THESE RULES ARE NOT ABSOLUTE, AS THEY ARE MADE AND CHANGED ACCORDING TO THE GREATER GOOD – FOR EXAMPLE, SPEED LIMITS HAVE BEEN REGULARLY CHANGED FOR PRAGMATIC REASONS. HOWEVER, WHEN A RULE IS IN FORCE, IT MUST BE FOLLOWED. STRONG RULE UTILITARIANS WOULD NEVER BREAK THE RULES. WEAK RULE UTILITARIANS, LIKE MILL, WOULD BREAK THE RULES IN EMERGENCIES: â€Å"TO SAVE A LIFE, IT MAY NOT ONLY BE ALLOWABLE, BUT A DUTY, TO STEAL, OR TAKE BY FORCE, THE NECESSARY FOOD OR MEDICINE. † Utilitarianism: Mill, Higher pleasures MILL BELIEVED THAT IT WASN’T JUST THE QUANTITY OF PLEASURE THAT MATTERED, IT WAS THE QUALITY. â€Å"BETTER TO be a human dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; Socrates DISSATISFIED THAN A FOOL SATISFIED†. HE INTRODUCED THE IDEA OF ‘HIGHER PLEASURES’. MANY THINK OF THIS AS SIMPLY INTELLECTUAL PLEASURE COUNTING FOR MORE THAN PHYSICAL PLEASURE. HOWEVER, MILL USED ARISTOTLE’S CONCEPT OF ‘eudaimonia’ or a fulfilled life. A combination of a VARIETY OF DIFFERENT PLEASURES COULD LEAD TO HAPPINESS. Mill talked of ‘competent judges’: â€Å"On a question which is the best worth having of two pleasures, the judgment of those who are qualified by knowledge of BOTH MUST BE ADMITTED AS FINAL. † Utilitarianism: Singer, Preferences PETER SINGER IS THE BEST KNOWN UTILITARIAN ALIVE TODAY. He realised that people don’t always choose HAPPINESS: â€Å"I’D RATHER KNOW THE TRUTH, EVEN IF IT hurts †. The greater good means fulfilling the GREATEST AMOUNT OF PREFERENCES. THIS MAY NOT MEAN THE GREATEST NUMBER OF PREFERENCES FOR EXAMPLE, GAY MEN HAVE A VERY STRONG PREFERENCE TO GET MARRIED WHICH MIGHT OUTWEIGH A GREATER NUMBER OF OPPOSING VIEWS FROM PEOPLE AFFECTED LESS SIGNIFICANTLY. NON- HUMAN ANIMALS THAT DO NOT HAVE PREFERENCES STILL HAVE INTERESTS, WHICH SHOULD BE CONSIDERED. SINGER CAMPAIGNS AGAINST FACTORY-FARMING, AND ARGUES THAT WE SHOULD GIVE MUCH MORE MONEY TO HELP THE VERY POOR. Utilitarianism: Consequentialism UTILITARIANISM IS TELEOLOGICAL – IT IS THE END OR PURPOSE OF AN ACTION THAT MAKES IT RIGHT OR WRONG. SPECIFICALLY, THE RIGHT COURSE OF ACTION IS THE ONE THAT LEADS TO THE BEST CONSEQUENCES. THIS MEANS THAT UTILITARIANS HAVE TO LOOK BEYOND THE ACT ITSELF. MODERN UTILITARIANS LIKE. SINGER HAVE MADE CONTROVERSIAL STATEMENTS – SUGGESTING THAT BESTIALITY MAY BE ACCEPTABLE (SEX WITH ANIMALS), OR INCEST (SEX BETWEEN SAY A BROTHER AND SISTER) USING CONTRACEPTION. HE ARGUED THAT IT SHOULD BE ALL RIGHT TO KILL A NEW BORN BABY IF IT HAD SEVERE DISABILITIES. THE REASON FOR THESE UNUSUAL ASSERTIONS IS THAT UTILITARIANS ARE ONLY INTERESTED IN THE OUTCOME OF AN ACT, REGARDLESS OF WHAT THE ACT ITSELF IS. Utilitarianism: Mill, Harm principle and rights MILL WROTE A BOOK ABOUT FREEDOM, ON LIBERTY, AND ARGUED THAT AN ESSENTIAL PART OF A HAPPY SOCIETY WAS INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM. â€Å"OVER HIMSELF, OVER HIS OWN BODY AND MIND, THE INDIVIDUAL IS SOVEREIGN†. MILL INTRODUCED THE HARM PRINCIPLE, WHICH SAID THAT AS LONG AS YOU didn’t harm anyone else, you should be able to do as YOU CHOOSE. THE ONLY PURPOSE FOR WHICH POWER CAN BE rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to OTHERS. † THIS IS LIKE ARTICLE 1 OF THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS. MANY RULE UTILITARIANS DERIVE OTHER HUMAN RIGHTS FROM THE PRINCIPLE OF UTILITY, INCLUDING NOT BEING SLAVES, TORTURED ETC.

Chinese Culture :: Cultural Identity Essays

The communist government thought that the liberation of women, who make half the population of China, was necessary for China to have complete freedom (Heng). Child weddings were banned, concubines were outlawed and brothels were closed. Women were allowed to hold real jobs. Some went to night school, or worked at the factory (Wudden). Laws were passed that equalized women under the law. The major ones were, The Chinese constitution of the early which 1950s. Which stated that Chinese women enjoyed equal rights with men in political, economic, social, cultural, and family life. The state protected women's rights and interests, practiced equal pay for equal work, and provided equal opportunity for women's training and promotion (Heng). The Marriage Law, which eliminated arranged marriages, saying that both women and men were free to choose their marriage partners, and widows were allowed to remarry (Heng). The Inheritance Law, which recognized the equal right of women to inherit family property (Heng). The Labor Insurance Regulations Law of 1951 guaranteed women 56 days of maternity leave with full pay (Heng). The Land Reform Law of the early 1950s provided rural women with an equal share of land under their own name, protecting their economic independence (Heng). After women got married conditions remained much the same, only instead of being subject to a father they were subject to their husbands. Like they had to with their brothers and fathers they had to obey their husbands absolutely and without question. Their husbands often had two or three wives. A major change though when a woman got married was that she was also subject to her mother in law, a relationship that was often very nasty (Zhou). When a woman’s husband died she couldn’t remarry, that would be disloyal to her husband. Even if she had no food it was better for a woman to die of hunger than remarry.

Natural Variations In Climate And Human Health Environmental Sciences Essay

The El Nino/Southern Oscillation is a natural fluctuation in the Earth ‘s clime. The fluctuations associated with the El Nino/Southern Oscillation may be used as a theoretical account for future clime alteration and its attendant wellness effects. It is no premise that anthropogenetic clime alteration is happening and the environmental wellness effects associated with it are traveling to be one of the greatest challenges of our clip. As our apprehension of anthropogenetic clime alteration increases it is every bit of import to hold a basic apprehension of natural fluctuations in the Earth ‘s clime. Furthermore, a better cognition of those countries that experience extremes associated with the El Nino/Southern Oscillation ( ENSO ) may clarify some of the future impacts of planetary clime alteration. The focal point of this literature reappraisal is an scrutiny of the natural fluctuations associated with the ENSO and its impacts on human wellness globally. I reviewed major findings from publications, thesiss, and internet media sing clime alteration, ENSO, and public wellness. My aim was to reexamine articles that clarify the planetary effects of natural fluctuations in clime, specifically ENSO and wellness by integrating the undermentioned inquiries: What is the El Nino/Southern Oscillation? What are the wellness effects of three chosen illustrations of environmental alterations ( catastrophes ) associated with ENSO. I have designed my research and reappraisal to follow an Earth scientific discipline position on planetary alteration, adapted from a publication by the Johns Hopkins university imperativeness ( Aaron and Patz 2001 ) .WHAT IS THE EL NINO/SOUTHERN OSCILLATION?Get downing with the empirical literature on Earth scientific discipline and public wellness, I foremost reviewed the work of Aaron and Patz ( 2001 ) . The work is a digest of research related to the subject of ecosystem alteration and human wellness. The chapter by Fisher ( 2001, 233-250 ) was peculiarly enlightening and descriptive. It provided a good starting point in understanding what ENSO is. This chapter provided a reasonably comprehensive yet apprehensible account on the â€Å" forces † behind ENSO, peculiarly the Earth ‘s energy rhythm. Although this publication is clear, it did n't further a solid reading of the ENSO anomalousness. I attributed this ambiguity to the fact that the range of this book is much broader than the focal point on natural clime variableness. In seeking to associate proposed and observed wellness effects to the ENSO it is critical to hold a reasonably comprehensive apprehension of what it is. For this intent, I reviewed publications by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) , the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) , and the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ) . The publication by NOAA was presented in an apprehensible yet simplistic format. A part of their web site a page is dedicated to the ENSO, but it does non provided a clear account of what it is. Further research into the NOAA web site led me to the National Weather Service ( NWS ) â€Å" Climate Prediction Center † , where they have a measure by measure tutorial of ENSO and clime variableness. I performed a qualitative comparing of all ENSO specific literature from the IPCC, NOAA, NWS, and FAO. The four studies had the same basic information, while the IPCC was by far the most comprehensive. The lite rature reappraisal for this part must be limited to merely a qualitative analysis because the forces behind ENSO are immensely interrelated and complex. A full synthesis of this information is good beyond the range of the paper. The most of import facet of my comparing is specifically related to assorted definitions of ENSO. EL NINO DEFINED I decided to add this subdivision due to the ambiguity I encountered sing the scientific discipline behind ENSO. As my research progressed it became clear that this ambiguity was non due to a deficiency of information, but due to a general consensus that the factors doing ENSO are extremely legion and interconnected. In consequence, a quantitative definition of ENSO can non be exactly developed. Furthermore, what constitutes a quantitative ENSO in one portion of the universe is different in other parts, hence any quantitative definition of ENSO would hold to be location specific ( Ternberth 1997 ) . In my comparing of the above literature, the definitions of ENSO were all qualitative and similar. For this ground I sought specific literature sing the definition of ENSO. The most formal definition that encompasses the battalion of utilizations is as follows: El Nino ‘el ne – ‘ nyo – noun [ Spanish ] 1: The Christ Child 2: the name given by Peruvian crewmans to a seasonal, warm southward-moving current along the Peruvian seashore & lt ; la corriente del Nino & gt ; 3: name given to the occasional return of remarkably warm H2O in the usually cold H2O [ upwelling ] part along the Peruvian seashore, interrupting local fish and bird populations 4: name given to a Pacific basin-wide addition in both sea surface temperatures in the cardinal and/or eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean and in sea degree atmospheric force per unit area in the western Pacific ( Southern Oscillation ) 5: used interchangeably with ENSO ( El Nino-Southern Oscillation ) which describes the basin broad alterations in air-sea interaction in the equatorial Pacific part 6: ENSO warm event equivalent word warm event opposite word La Nina [ Spanish ] the immature miss ; cold event ; ENSO cold event ; non-El Nino twelvemonth ; anti-El Nino or anti-ENSO ( dyslogistic ) ; El Viejo ‘el vya- Ho – noun [ Spanish ] t he old adult male. ( Glantz 1996 )EL NINO RELATED DIASTERS AND HEALTH EFFECTSHarmonizing to Kovats ( 1996 ) , â€Å" The consequence of El Nino on catastrophes is strong plenty to be evident at a planetary degree. In an mean El Nino twelvemonth, around 35 per 1000 people are affected by a natural disaster-more than four times that in non-El Nino old ages, based on 1963-93 informations † ( 1483 ) . The wellness impacts of natural catastrophes are both immediate and long lasting ( Haines, et Al. 2006 ) . In order to derive a better apprehension of the specific wellness impacts of ENSO catastrophes I reviewed literature based on the two major conditions events associated with ENSO, heavy rainfall and drouth. I farther separated these events into three degrees of badness: 1 ) Drought ; 2 ) increased rainfall ; 3 ) Deluging. In add-on, I want to synthesise this information to give an overview of the planetary effects of ENSO from developing to developed states.DroughtENSO as defined above is an addit ion in sea surface temperature in normally cool H2O in the eastern Pacific Ocean. During a terrible ENSO the warm H2O that remains suspended in the western Pacific travels east, therefore diminishing rainfall in the West Pacific and increasing it in the eastern Pacific. This alteration alters the rainfall patterns across the Earth. Harmonizing to Haines et Al. ( 2006 ) , the figure of people worldwide affected by drouth is influenced strongly by the ENSO rhythm. Droughts have a broad consequence on wellness runing from nutrition to forest fires doing air pollution, peculiarly in low-income states. Haines et al. raise of import inquiries on the construct of exposure and unexpected wellness results. Vulnerability has been discussed in literature as a cardinal construct for understanding how populations adapt to climate alteration and variableness ( Mertz, et al 2009 ; Moran, et Al. 2006 ; Patz and Kovats 2002 ; Solomon, et Al. 2007 ) . It is widely accepted that the most vulnerable populations to climate alteration and fluctuation occupy the low income developing states. This has a great trade to make with the fact that many dwellers of developing states rely to a great extent on subsistence agribusiness. Furthermore, with drought one would anticipate malnutrition but there can be many other unanticipated wellness effects. As a specific illustration I refer to Moran et Al. ( 2006 ) and the survey of ENSO related drouth in Amazonia. This paper provides a good description of the exposures of developing states to drought and its unexpected wellness results. Moran et Al. depict this relationship by associating increased forest fires due to ENSO and swidden agribusiness with inauspicious respiratory wellness effects caused by fume and particulate affair. The most ENSO drought prone countries include: Sub-saharan and southeasterly Africa, northern Australia, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, western Pacific Island Nations, and north-east Brazil. Most of these countries lay within developing states of the southern hemisphere, which are besides the most vulnerable to these conditions extremes.Increased RainAlthough the most vulnerable groups to climate alteration and fluctuation are the developing states, this does n't intend that effects are limited to these geographic countries. ENSO has really of import wellness effects around the Earth. Literature sing increased rainfall and increased incidence of hanta virus pneumonic syndrome ( HPS ) in the sou'-west United States serves as an illustration of ENSO wellness effects in developed states. Harmonizing to the Centers for Disease Control ( 2004 ) , during an ENSO event increased rainfall across the southern parts of the United States every bit good as parts of Central/South America creates an improved gnawer home ground, the major vector of HPS. The literature by the CDC is web-based and although it has been updated in is in direct relation to the 1998-99 ENSO event. In a thesis by Conley ( 2006 ) , an in-depth survey of HPS in the sou'-west United States is conducted. Conely ( 2006 ) describes the increased incidence of HPS in the southwest U.S. with endorsing from the trophic cascade hypothesis. The southwesterly cervid mouse is the primary vector for HPS in worlds. During an ENSO event the sum of flora is increased due to increased rainfall. In consequence, the population denseness of cervid mice is increased and so is HPS. As the ENSO warm event passages into a cold event ( La Nina ) , rainfall lessenings in the southwest U.S. and these rodent populations begin looking for nutriment in human homes. The increased contact between septic gnawers and worlds increases the incidence of HPS. Other literature ( Kovats 1999 ; Patz and Kovats 2002 ; Haines 2006 ; Parmesan and Martens, 2009 ) describes farther instances of ENSO and increased infective disease incidence as a consequence of increased rainfall. Further surveies have found positive correlativities between ENSO and malaria, rift vale disease, cholera, and others.DelugingImplosion therapy is the most common natural catastrophe in both development and developed states ( Ahern, et al 2005 ) . For this part of the paper I reviewed epidemiologic grounds of inundation related wellness impacts and ENSO events. On a planetary graduated table, ENSO is non associated with hazard of flood-related catastrophes because inundations are really localised ( Kovats 1999 ) . However, the increased rainfall associated with ENSO has specific effects on the water partings of many states throughout the universe. Harmonizing to Patz and Kovats ( 2002 ) ENSO frequently increases the hazard of implosion therapy of rivers. Besides: â€Å" Immediate effects are mostly decease from submerging and hurts caused by being swept against difficult objects. Medium term effects include additions in catching diseases caused by consumption of contaminated H2O ( for illustration, cholera or hepatitis A ) and contact with inundation Waterss ( for illustration, swamp fever ) . † ( pg. 1096 ) In inundation conditions, there is a greater possible for increased transmittal of disease, particularly in countries where the population does non hold entree to clean H2O and sanitation ( Ahern, et Al. 2005 ) . Direct illustrations of increased disease transmittal as a consequence of ENSO related implosion therapy is seen in Brazil where hazard factors for swamp fever included implosion therapy of unfastened cloacas and streets. Furthermore, the 1982 El Nino event caused extended implosion therapy in several states in Latin America and fostered crisp additions in malaria ( Ahern, et al 2005 ) .DecisionThis reappraisal provided a brief expression at the ENSO anomalousness and its effects on human wellness. ENSO increases the hazard of drouths and inundations across the Earth. In add-on, there is strong epidemiologic grounds that supports an association of these events and the transmittal of certain diseases. These associations and the affects span the Earth, but the most vulnerable populations are those in the underdeveloped states. The literature reviewed nem con agreed that ( in the short term ) there is a drastic demand to supply information and tools that let these populations to fix for such conditions anomalousnesss. Particularly in countries where ENSO can faithfully be associated with regional or local clime fluctuations such as drouths and inundations ( Kovats, et Al. 1999 ; Moran, et Al. 2006 ; Haines, et Al. 2006 ) . Furthermore, long term guesss in the literature agree as clime continues to increase there is a high likeliness that ENSO conditions anomalousnesss will beef up in badness, continuance, and frequence ( Ashok and Yamagata 2009 ) . An accurate apprehension of this will supply a greater ability for all to restrict exposure to climatic fluctuations and make new schemes for wellness contrivers to cut down disease hazard.